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If the activities of a project depend on labor, it is called labor intensive project. No automatic technology but the manual labor becomes major in such projects. Labor intensive projects are operated in the countries or a place where machine or automatic technology is not available, unemployed manpower is high, labor can be found at minimum cost. The success of such project depends on the labor efficiency. So, effective labor system is given emphasis.
In this the quality, ability, skill, training efficiency, initiative or workers are given priority. More wage is given to skilled workers than to the inefficient or unskilled workers.
In the countries where greater population is unemployed, the government operates labor intensive projects for building development infrastructures to provide employment to general public. Social justice, employment opportunities, economic stability, etc can be found in labor intensive projects, but competition becomes low, production cost rises high, economic growth rate remains low in it.
In this age of technological development labor intensive projects are gradually declining due to low competition. Many unemployed can get employment by which unemployment problem is solved. The attitude of society becomes positive towards project or people take project positively. It becomes suitable in the countries or places where modern technology has not been developed. It helps to bring economic stability.
Hp color laserjet 2605dn firmware update. Production cost increases. Economic growth rate remains low. Projects cannot be competitive. Productivity declines.
Uniformity lacks in production. Skilled manpower can be scarcely found. Office is regarded as the administrative centre of the organization. For rapid, accurate and efficient functioning of office work, machines are needed.
These machines are termed as labour-saving devices because the use of machines encourage time-saving and labour-saving. Mechanization of office denotes the process whereby office machines and equipments are introduced in the office with a view to aid administrative processes. Now-a- days machines form a part of the 'means' aspect of office management and have a greatest bearing on the efficiency of office work.
Most of the business houses largely depend on machines because business units thrive in the competition by saving cost and increasing profitability. Mechanization has been introduced because of the following reasons: (a) The use of machine aims at labour saving in terms of wage. (b) The use of machine aims at saving in time because the work can be done in no time in comparison to manual operation. (c) The use of machine facilitates accuracy in office work because the work done by machine is more accurate. (d) Repetitive works are monotonous and this monotony is relieved by the use of machines. (e) Machine helps to minimize the chances of fraud in office work. Advantages of machines Mechanization has become an integral part of modern office administrative process because machines have number of advantages.
These are: 1. Saving in Labour The use of machine help the business in saving labour which can be applied effectively to other activities. Better Quality of Work The use of machines make office work to be more systematic and neat. Thus, the quality of work is improved because of machines. Better accuracy Machine ensures accuracy in office work because the bottlenecks and delays in work are eliminated and the work runs smoothly. The chances of errors and frauds are reduced on the use of machine. Greater Efficiency The use of machine facilitates completion of work in time.
The works which took hours to complete are done within no time with the help of machine. The timely completion of work increases the efficiency of the worker which in turn helps increased profitability. Relieves Monotony Repetitive works are monotonous, boring and time consuming. Monotony in all routine work is reduced because of use of machines. The mental tensions on work is relieved because of use of machines. Standardization of Office Routine Standardization of routine and procedure is facilitated by the use of machines.
It facilitates better co-ordination of work. Minimisation of Cost The operating cost per hour is decreased because of the use of machine. Mechanization helps saving in labour and increased output. Though the initial investment on machines are large, it reduces cost of operation by increasing output. Better Communication and Increased Prestige The use of machine facilitates better communication and co-ordination.
The provision of better communication and co-ordination increases the prestige of the organization. Although the use of machine ensures a great deal of advantages, they are not free from limitations. The disadvantages of machines are summarized below: 1. High Capital Outlay The installation cost of machines are high because it involves huge amount of money. It ensures blocking of large part of capital and it becomes beyond the capacity of small firms to go for mechanization. Limited Utility Machines are purchased for some definite purposes and can-not be used for other operation.
So the use of machine has limited utility. Risk of Obsolescence's Some machines are liable to become absolute when a new machine is put into operation. In this case the huge investment on the old machine becomes bad and it incurs a great deal of loss to the firm. Worker's Resistance Workers are hostile on the introduction of a machine and they resist mechanization because of fear of loss of employment, promotion and other facilities.
Surplus Staff Mechanization requires additional staff to be maintained. When one operator will go on leave the other additional staff is required to operate the machine. This involves spending of a lot of money.
Breakdown Cost The cost of breakdown of a machine is heavy to the organization. It will cause a considerably disruption in office work on account of breakdown. Advertisements: Manual inventory systems are susceptible to human error. Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images. Manual labour (in, manual labor in ) or manual work is physical work done by people, most especially in contrast to that done by, and to that done.
It is most literally work done with the hands (the word 'manual' comes from the ), and, by figurative extension, it is work done with any of the muscles and bones of the body. For most of human prehistory and history, manual labour and its close cousin, animal labour, have been the primary ways that physical work has been accomplished. And, which reduce the need for human and animal labour in production, have existed for centuries, but it was only starting in the 18th and 19th centuries that they began to significantly expand and to change human. To be implemented, they require that sufficient exist and that its be justified by the amount of future that they will.
Although nearly any work can potentially have skill and intelligence applied to it, many that mostly comprise manual labour—such as fruit and vegetable picking, manual materials handling (for example, shelf stocking), manual digging, or manual assembly of parts—often may be done successfully (if not masterfully) by unskilled or semiskilled workers. Thus there is a partial but significant correlation between manual labour and unskilled or semiskilled workers. Based on economic and social, people may often distort that partial correlation into an exaggeration that equates manual labour with lack of skill; with lack of any potential to apply skill (to a task) or to develop skill (in a worker); and with low. Throughout human existence the latter has involved a spectrum of variants, from (with stigmatisation of the slaves as 'subhuman'), to caste or caste-like systems, to subtler forms of inequality. Often results in businesses trying (for example, through or by employing ) or to obviate it entirely (through mechanisation and automation).
Relationship to low skill and low social class For various reasons, there is a strong between manual labour and unskilled or semiskilled workers, despite the fact that nearly any work can potentially have skill and intelligence applied to it (for example, the skill of, or the logic of ). It has always been the case for humans that many workers begin their working lives lacking any special level of skill or experience. (In the past two centuries, education has become more important and more widely disseminated; but even today, not everyone can know everything, or have experience in a great number of occupations.) It has also always been the case that there was a large amount of manual labour to be done; and that much of it was simple enough to be successfully (if not masterfully) done by unskilled or semiskilled workers, which has meant that there have always been plenty of people with the potential to do it. These conditions have assured the correlation's strength and persistence. Throughout human prehistory and history, wherever have developed, the social status of manual labourers has, more often than not, been low, as most physical tasks were done by,.
For example, legal scholar L. Ali Khan analyses how the, and all created sophisticated social structures to outsource manual labour to distinct classes,. The phrase 'hard labour' has even become a legal euphemism for, which is a custodial sentence during which the convict is not only confined but also put to manual work. Such work may be productive, as on a or in a prison kitchen, laundry, or library; intrinsically senseless, with the only purpose being the effect of the punishment on the convict; or somewhere in between (such as work, work, or the proverbial 'breaking rocks'—the latter two of which are almost certain to be economically senseless today, although they sometimes served economic purpose in the preindustrial past). There has always been a tendency among people of the higher gradations of social class to oversimplify the partial correlation between manual labour and lack of skill (or need for skill) into one of equivalence, leading to dubious exaggerations such as the notion that anyone who worked physically could be identified as being unintelligent or unskilled, or that any task requiring physical work must (by that very fact) be simplistic and not worthy of analysis (or of being done by anyone with intelligence or social rank). Given the human cognitive tendency toward, it is natural enough that such (partial correlations) have often been warped into absolutes by people seeking to justify and perpetuate their social advantage.
Throughout human existence, but most especially since the, there have been logically efforts by intelligent workers to counteract these flawed oversimplifications. For example, the and rejected notions of inherited social status (, ), and the of the 19th and 20th centuries led to the formation of who enjoyed substantial power for a time. Such counteractive efforts have been all the more difficult because not all social status differences and are unfair; is a part of real life, just as rationalisation and unfairness are. Social systems of every ideological persuasion, from to to the, have attempted to achieve a successfully functioning in which honest, productive manual labourers can have every bit of social status and power that honest, productive managers can have. Humans have not yet succeeded in any such, but some social systems have been designed that go far enough toward the goal that hope yet remains for further improvement.
Rail track construction, Kansas, 1974 At its highest extreme, the rationalised distortion by economic elites produces cultures of and complete racial subordination, such as and; (which was defeated in 1865); or (which was defeated in 1945). Concepts such as the and the defined slaves as less than human. In the middle of the spectrum, such distortion may produce systems of fairly rigid class stratification, usually rationalised with fairly strong of biologically inherited social inequality, such as; traditional forms of aristocracy and monarchy;; and caste systems (e.g., /, ). One interesting historical trend that is true of all of the systems above is that they began crumbling in the 20th century and have continued crumbling since. Today's forms of them are mostly greatly weakened compared to past generations' versions. At the lowest extreme, such distortion produces subtler forms of and (but not ). The more, the easier the rationalisation and perpetuation.
For example, as inequality of opportunity and racism grow smaller and subtler, their appearance may converge toward that of meritocracy, to the point that valid instances of each can be found extensively intermingled. At such areas of the spectrum, it becomes ever harder to justify efforts that use de jure methods to fight de facto imbalances (such as ), because valid instances can be highlighted by all sides. On one side, the cry is ongoing oppression (ignored or denied) from above; on the other side, the cry is; ample valid evidence exists for both cases, and the problem of its nature leaves no clear policy advantage to either side. Recognizing the potential for skill Although manual labor is often stigmatized as lacking specific skills or, there are a variety of cognitive functions that it can require:. Contextual application: manual laborers must know procedures and be able to implement them while also being flexible to work within specific parameters. For example, servers must not only know all the set procedures for taking orders and carrying food, but they must also be able to react and adapt to their changing environments, including the number of customers, specific requests, potential allergies, etc.
Similarly, cosmetologists must know the properties and mechanics of cutting hair while also staying up to date on fashion trends and balancing what each customer wants with what the stylist believes is feasible. Other occupations such as, and involve familiarity with tools and vocabulary as well as the ability to apply those skills to specific tasks, typically requiring and. Situational awareness and: manual laborers must be aware of their surroundings and develop excellent spatial understanding as well as effective communication skills. As an example, servers have to multi-task and effectively manage their time between taking orders, obtaining the food from the kitchen, dealing with the receipts, and participating in small talk with the customers. Carpenters and plumbers also develop disciplined perception as well as sensory, kinesthetic, and cognitive abilities that are maximized even with limited physical space. Cosmetologists must learn to read their clients by listening to what styles they envision while also observing nonverbal cues about their likes and dislikes, and this often involves being personable and friendly.: manual labor is surprisingly creative and dynamic, involving using what is already known to create something entirely new and unique.
Cosmetologists infuse their own ideas into their hairstyles, combining what is known about different hair types and methods of hair cutting with their personal tastes and experiences. Carpenters similarly emphasize craftsmanship in their work, attending to precision to ensure that the end products are aesthetically pleasing as well as structurally sound. Even welding is aesthetic, with individual welders considering their markings to be similar to artists’ tags. A willingness to recognise that manual labour can involve skill and intelligence can take a variety of forms, depending on how it handles multifaceted questions of dignity and (in)equality. In its healthier forms, it recognises the dignity and intelligence of (that is, tha t those workers as a group have just as much potential for dignity and intelligence, despite the fact that any individual workers may or may not display such traits), and it recognises their civil (and civic) equality with.
Yet it simultaneously leaves room in society for meritocracy, allowing both upward and downward (as a sustainable meritocracy requires). An example of such systems is provided by well-run instances of teams, because there is a perennial meritocratic turnover of players, coaches, and staff, both within the sport and as input and output through its boundaries, whereby all participants have dignity even though all of the required talents may not exist in each individual.
(For example, the talents of the physical therapists, statisticians, elderly coaches, and young adult players are not equal, but they are complementary from a perspective.). In its more pathological forms, it may only admit that there can be a science of manual labour, but not acknowledge or allow adequate social mobility (both upward and downward) between the blue-collar and white-collar classes. On the other hand, and equally pathologically, it may willfully deny the natural differences between individuals, allowing no hope for meritocratic justice, which is not only dispiriting to talented and hard-working people, but also highly injurious to macroeconomic performance.
An example of the first pathology is that the earliest forms of applying science to the practical processes of industry and commerce fell victim to an incomplete understanding, as exemplified. Taylor correctly recognised that the physical (athletic) talents for shoveling (on one hand) and the mental talents for analyzing and synthesizing best shoveling techniques and (on the other) often would not coexist in the same person. Some people would have only the first; others, only the second. Therefore, (speaking metaphorically), players usually should not be their own coaches. Unfortunately, Taylor stepped from that valid realisation to envisioning a system of that might easily have failed to filter people into the right roles based on their individual talents (or lack thereof).
Taylor's versions of, had they succeeded in persisting, may well have eventually left some smart people stranded in an underclass (crassly equated with draft animals, which was fashionable at the time) at the same time that it let some incompetent but people remain in positions of. Whether Taylor was capable of predicting and preventing that problem is unclear, but it is clear that not all of his imitators and admirers were thus capable. An example of the second pathology are 20th-century variants of communism, such as and. Somewhere between the extremes of health and pathology mentioned above are the realities in most developed economies today, where various themes and tendencies are in constant competition, and people disagree on which ones predominate and what actions should be taken (if any) to try to even the balance or reduce the pathologies. Formal learning & training scenarios, such as classrooms, and academic studies, supply a theoretical approach to building skillsets.
Learners acquire a systematic and procedural view of tasks, based on the specific parameters and needs of a job’s intended outcome. The parameters are defined by the purpose of the job and the tools used to achieve it.
Hair styling, for example, requires learners to gain competence in the methods of shaping, cutting, washing, dying, combing, and various other active manual skills, the proficiency of which will determine the final product. In such situations, the learner is guided and directed by educators in their technique and form, and learn to interpret a tool’s use in meeting the requirements of a task or project based on the expectation of the result. Informal learning & training can be summarized as any activity which concerns the pursuit of understanding, knowledge, or skill that occurs without an imposed curriculum and explicit assessment.
It typically manifests itself as practical engagement in the pursuit of knowledge. There are several ways which informal learning is conducted, that range from self-directed learning, where there is intention to seek specific information outside of formal environments, to the coincidental learning that comes out of experiences. Informal training differs from informal training in that it focuses on the acquisition of a skill, understanding, or job-specific knowledge. The cognitive skills acquired outside of formal learning environment also help to define the mastery of what are considered “” jobs. The understanding of technique and method taken from formal training is expanded on in developing contextual application, situational awareness, and innovation based skills.
1894 illustration of performing manual labor The domestic labour market may also extend beyond 'normal' workers to various kinds of employing prisoners (e.g., ). Even military employment, most especially by or other mandatory, is a means of employing labour at lowest cost (compared to costlier alternatives such as ). The next step beyond domestic labour markets (within countries) is the global labour market (between countries), in which all workers on Earth compete with each other, albeit via. Differences between regions and countries in and (relatedly) prevailing wage rates provide a perennial incentive for businesses to send manual tasks to remote workers (via ) or to bring remote workers to the manual tasks (via immigration of, whether illegal or legal guest-worker programs codified with ). The nature of the work determines its relative degree of geographical transferability; for example, manual assembly work in factories can usually be offshored, whereas and are anchored to the location of the crop fields. One characteristic of offshoring and worker migration that is especially useful to businesses is that they can provide employers with (fuzzy-boundaried) subpopulations of inexpensive workers without resorting to biological-inheritance-based rationalisations (such as racial slavery, feudalism and aristocracy, or caste-based ).
Modern businesses in the global economy are quick to point out that they respect the humanity of their offshore or immigrant workers every bit as much as that of their developed-economy-native workers (which may not be that much, in reality, but is equal, and is pretended to be substantial). Is an intersection of the low skill/low social class idea (serfs, slaves, wage slaves) and the class-neutral labour-cost reduction idea (offshoring, foreign workers, contingent workers). Like offshoring and guest worker programs, penal labour is an opportunity for businesses to get cheap manual labour without denying the humanity of the workers—and in some cases even seeming civically responsible ('providing second chances to live right and work honestly'). Thus socioeconomic systems, regardless of their, or ideological bases, need to remain vigilant that they resist any tendency toward the overimprisonment of workers, because it could align with the financial interests of businesses, government, or both, stoking the same human mechanisms of specious rationalisation that justified slavery or wage slavery. Military enlistment (whether conscription, other mandatory service, or volunteer service) shares some similarities with penal labour when viewed from this perspective, in that it may synergistically provide (1) discount labour for a government or its contractors at the same time that it also provides (2) opportunities to the workers or soldiers themselves (for example, more, better-quality, better-quality -savings plans, and/or more educational opportunities most especially technical training, but sometimes also broader education as well).
These many benefits cannot accurately be pigeon-holed as all good or all bad. They are inevitably, and must be dynamically managed and monitored to keep them from leaving the healthy range of the spectrum and moving into pathological ranges. For that to succeed, there must also exist some decent level of employment opportunity, compensation, and psychological security in the, especially non– businesses., and (prison guard) service are other segments of employment that reflect the traits of military service in this respect. See also References. Crawford, Matthew.
The Hedgehog Review. Retrieved 5/1/2017. Check date values in: access-date=. Rose, Mike (7/26/2005). The Mind at Work. Penguin Books.
Rose, Mike (7/26/2005). The Mind at Work. Penguin Books. Rose, Mike (7/26/2005). The Mind at Work.
Penguin Books. Check date values in: date=.,. Rose, Mike (7/26/2005). The Mind at Work. Penguin Books. Bibliography.; Crowther, Samuel (1922), Garden City, New York, USA: Garden City Publishing Company, Inc.
Various republications, including. Original is public domain in U.S. Khan, Ali (2006-10-12) 2001, 'The dignity of manual labor', Columbia Human Rights Law Review, Social Science Research Network,. (1911), New York, NY, USA and London, UK: Harper & Brothers,. External links. The Centers for Disease Control states that over one-third of all Americans are obese, and the trend shows no signs of slowing down.
There are many things that have either accompanied or potentially perpetuated the inflating of the American people, including diet, lack of exercise, stress and a departure from physical labor. As Americans have gotten larger, fewer and fewer people are participating in manual labor either at work or at home. With advancing technology, even those that used to work on assembly lines have been replaced by sophisticated machines operated from a computer panel. While machines have made things easier in many ways, they have potentially contributed to the rise in chronic health conditions in this country.
Engineers and designers are spending less time working with their hands on products, and homeowners are finding more inside to keep them occupied rather than engaging in projects outside. Lawn services are busier than ever, and fewer kids are actually learning how to operate a lawn mower.
Twenty-five years ago, most kids were mowing the lawn on a regular basis by the time they were twelve. Human beings are made to be active. When we are not active, our bodies suffer. Insomnia, chronic pain, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, high blood pressure and anxiety are among the many conditions that are exacerbated by too little good old fashioned manual labor. Here are four excellent reasons why you may want to consider incorporating some manual labor into your weekly routine. Manual Labor Reduces Stress Sitting for long periods of time does not allow the body to release the endorphins that it needs.
Endorphins do many things, such as lubricating the body and allowing the brain to think clearly. When we have trouble thinking, we get stressed. Doing a little physical work each day helps with productivity, reduces stress and releases “feel good” chemicals.
Manual Labor Helps with Sleep Many people have a terrible time sleeping because they are not actually physically tired. Most people who work outside in the sun all day fall asleep as soon as their head hits the pillow.
Farmers get the most sleep of anyone in the United States; they are physically active for four to six hours a day. To sleep like a baby, start doing some work outside each day. Manual Labor Reduces Obesity Have you ever added up how many hours a week you are actually sitting versus how many you are in motion? Most people spend about 40 hours a week behind a desk and very few engaged in physical labor.
Moving is a good thing; it benefits the body. Functional movement such as lifting, bending and pushing are all exceptional ways to build muscle, improve flexibility and keep the pounds at bay. Manual Labor Improves Learning With fewer and fewer hands-on learning opportunities for kids and more emphasis put on grades, it is less likely that kids will be engaged in hands-on work. This type of learning environment has been replaced with textbooks and computers. Studying by memorizing versus doing dulls the mind and creates boredom and a loss of interest in learning. Kids and adults need to be actively engaged in the learning process as much as possible, using all of their senses.
Without engaging in practical and physical education, both body and mind suffer. Most people learn best when they are doing rather than watching or reading. How did you learn how to ride a bike, for instance? By reading about it or by getting on and going for it?
The more we are physically engaged in learning the more we learn and love to learn. Spend as much time as possible being physically active.
Even better, engage in somewhat challenging physical labor or home projects that put your mind and body to the test. You will feel better, look better, sleep better and improve your health by adding even a few hours a week of physical labor into your schedule.The Alternative Daily Sources: Manual labor jobs are mostly unskilled positions, but there are exceptions. Despite being unskilled, many manual labor jobs pay well due to the level or risk involved or the environment a worker must live in. Jobs in the petroleum field, for example, are often manual labor jobs.
These jobs can be dangerous, and workers often have to live on remote sites while on the job, which is why they are generally high paying positions. This post is part of a year-end series by MBA students at California College of the Arts’.
Read more about our annual partnership here. By Lindsay Melnick: Child labor is a sensitive subject with a negative connotation in our society. While the topic of this article appears provocative, that is not my intention. I initially set forth to write an anti-child labor piece to promote awareness of the government mandated child labor issue in Uzbekistan. That country is the second-largest cotton exporter in the world and half of the country’s cotton harvest is said to come from child labor.
Why did this article take such a drastic turn? Because I found the reasoning behind the existence of child labor in modern day society a much more compelling and less touched upon topic that I believe needs to be acknowledged. As an apparel industry insider, I have experienced my fair share of factory travel. With each visit, the morality of the (behind the scenes) utilization of children in these factories has weighed heavily on my conscience. If asked, most people in our society will tell you that they are dead set against the concept of child labor.
They look disapprovingly at developing countries where young children perform manual labor for long hours when they should be in school learning. Yes, children should be in school. Yes, they should be out playing with friends and enjoying their childhood. However, we do not live in a perfect world.
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Child labor is pervasive for the simple reason that impoverished households who cannot meet their basic needs may depend on the income of their children for survival. In many cases, these families are so poor that every member of their family needs to work. It is likely that these families cannot afford the cost of education for their children.
Even when schooling is ostensibly ‘free’ studies have shown that parents incur other direct costs such as activity fees, uniforms, paper and pens, text books, transport, lunches and others which often result in the exclusion of poor children from school. I am stating the obvious to say that child labor creates a trade-off between labor and education. However, if their choice is either starving or going to school, isn’t survival the obvious choice? While the majority of NGO’s work towards saving children from labor is seen as commendable, it has the potential to cause more harm than good.
Foreign governments and organizations working toward making it illegal for these children to earn an honest income may in turn, force them down dangerous paths. It is common for homeless children or those without parents or adult supervision to be pushed into the sex trade or towards other criminal activities in order to earn money to survive. In this context, working in sweatshops is a far better solution. The evils of child labor are as indisputable, as is its economic necessity. I believe that child labor has a place in the world economy. Those of us in the developed world need to foster empathy for the families who have to put their children to work in order to survive. Organizations should not be spending their time fighting to abolish child labor but rather work alongside it.
They need to be realistic about the challenges these families face. Work where child-laborers can still get an education is the answer. NGO’s should use their resources to provide schools in factories, so that for a few hours a day, the children can stop working and learn basic skills. In a daunting situation this would be a commendable solution, as it is after all tackling the real issue by being pragmatic and empathetic to why these children are working in the first place. Education is broadly used as an instrument for social change and widely regarded as the route to economic prosperity. These children deserve the opportunity to pull themselves out of poverty and education is a vehicle for achieving this objective. These are two things I’ve written about lately but wanted to draw an explicit parallel between.
First is Andrew McAfee and Erik Brynjolfsson’s and, which argued that technology is progressing so quickly that it “confounds expectations and intuitions”. The part I want to address in particular is where they try and predict the jobs in which humans have the most sustainable comparative advantages. In addition to problem solving and creativity, they cite manual work: If, as these examples indicate, both pattern recognition and complex communication are now so amenable to automation, are any human skills immune?
Do people have any sustainable comparative advantage as we head ever deeper into the second half of the chessboard? In the physical domain, it seems that we do for the time being. Humanoid robots are still quite primitive, with poor fine motor skills and a habit of. So it doesn’t appear that gardners and restaurant busboys are in danger of being replaced by machines any time soon.
The second thing I’ve written about that I want to connect to this is DARPA’s. This contest is very specifically seeking to address this disadvantage that robots have compared to humans. Here are the tasks a robot will have to complete to win the challenge: 1. Drive a utility vehicle at the site.
Travel dismounted across rubble. Remove debris blocking an entryway.
Open a door and enter a building. Climb an industrial ladder and traverse an industrial walkway. Use a power tool to break through a concrete panel. Locate and close a valve near a leaking pipe. Replace a component such as a cooling pump. Sorry gardners and busboys.
A robot that can do all of these can weed a garden and clear a table. Oh, and that part about robots falling down stairs? Here is a new video from DARPA showcasing a robot that “is expected to be used as government-funded equipment (GFE) for performers in Tracks B and C of the DARPA Robotics Challenge.” It is appropriate that the book about how machines are outperforming our expectations is having its expectations outperformed by machines. Is automation “good” or “bad”? There are arguments on both sides of this issue. On one hand the cost of production on a per item basis is generally lower, on the other hand it is often said that automation takes jobs from people.
The following is from the first chapter of Human beings have been making things for many thousands of years. Originally most products were made on an individual as-needed basis; if a tool was required it was fashioned by hand and in turn used to make more tools. As time passed, more complex techniques were developed to help people accomplish fabrication and production tasks. Metalworking technology, weaving looms, water-driven grinding mills and the development of steam and gasoline engines all contributed to a greater ability to make various products, but things were still generally made one at a time by craftspeople skilled in various techniques. It was only after the industrial revolution and common use of electrical energy and mechanisms that manufacturing of products on a large scale became commonplace. Some disadvantages of automation are:.
Technology limits. Current technology is unable to automate all desired tasks. Some tasks cannot be easily automated, such as the production or assembly of products with inconsistent component sizes or in tasks where manual dexterity is required. There are some things that are best left to human assembly and manipulation. Economic limits. Certain tasks would cost more to automate than to perform manually.
Automation is typically best suited to processes that are repeatable, consistent and high volume. Unpredictable development costs. The research and development cost of automating a process is difficult to predict accurately beforehand.
Since this cost can have a large impact on profitability, it is possible to finish automating a process only to discover that there is no economic advantage in doing so. With the advent and continued growth of different types of production lines, however, more accurate estimates based on previous projects can be made. Initial costs are relatively high. The automation of a new product or the construction of a new plant requires a huge initial investment compared to the unit cost of the product. Even machinery for which the development cost has already been recovered is expensive in terms of hardware and labor. The cost can be prohibitive for custom production lines where product handling and tooling must be developed. A skilled maintenance department is often required to service and maintain the automation system in proper working order.
Failure to maintain the automation system will ultimately result in lost production and/or bad parts being produced. A few advantages of automation are:.
Replacing human operators in tasks that involve hard physical or monotonous work. Replacing humans in tasks performed in dangerous environments such as those with temperature extremes or radioactive and toxic atmospheres. Making tasks that are beyond human capabilities easier. Handling heavy or large loads, manipulating tiny objects or the requirement to make products very quickly or slowly are examples of this. Production is often faster and labor costs less on a per product basis than the equivalent manual operations. Automation systems can easily incorporate quality checks and verifications to reduce the number of out-of-tolerance parts being produced while allowing for statistical process control that will allow for a more consistent and uniform product. Economic improvement.
Automation can serve as the catalyst for improvement in the economies of enterprises or society. For example, the gross national income and standard of living in Germany and Japan improved drastically in the 20th century, due in large part to embracing automation for the production of weapons, automobiles, textiles and other goods for export. Automation systems don’t call in sick! Overall, the advantages would seem to outweigh the disadvantages. It can be safely said that countries that have embraced automation enjoy a higher standard of living than those that have not.
At the same time, a concern is often aired that automating tasks takes jobs from people that used to build things by hand. Regardless of the social implications, there is no doubt that productivity increases with the proper application of automation techniques. What do you think? Is automation “good” or “bad”?.Check out this on June 6, 2016. Old-fashioned manual accounting offers advantages. Thinkstock/Comstock/Getty Images 13::10. ' – ' 13::10.
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Recruiting Many employers use Internet technologies to advertise job openings. Job seekers visit a company's website or a job bank database to read descriptions about available positions. People can take advantage of applying for jobs and submitting resumes online, for several openings, in one sitting. Employers can screen applications and resumes for the people that best match key words relating to the job opening, minimizing unproductive and unfruitful face-to-face application and resume submissions. Working Technology has changed some careers and professions in ways that benefit the employer and the employee. For example, the early days of car manufacturing involved a mechanical assembly line that required a great deal of manual human labor. However, as of this article's publication, many car makers use a combination of robotic machines and man to help produce a final product.
Robots not only increase the quality and efficiency in making the automobile, but factory workers might suffer less bodily injury from prolonged and repetitive actions. Car factory workers are being retrained to monitor and calibrate the robots that perform some of the most complicated and physically taxing aspects of the assembly process. Competing Employees - sometimes called human capital - are a key asset in business operations. However, people do have mental and physical limits that can inhibit a business's ability to leverage that human talent to compete with other organizations. Take the example of packaging warehouses. Most employees can lift light boxes, repeatedly, of about 1 pound of less, if proper procedure is used.
However, handling boxes of heavier and varying weights, maybe 10 to 20 pounds, might challenge many people. Instead, businesses can take advantage of technology, such as forklifts and conveyor belts, to help employees better manage products, faster and harder, than competitors.
Online marketplaces have been able to gain retail market share from locally based stores by using this distribution center technology. Transforming On a grand scale, technology can positively change the world at an exponential, breakneck pace. Ray Kurzweil, author of 'The Singularity Is Near,' states on the book's website that the 21st century will be one of the most transformational in recorded human history, mostly due to technological advances that compound on one another.
The advantage of technology on employment is that it has the potential to get better for both businesses and workers, as new innovations emerge that transform the way we work. Gary Shapiro, is the president and CEO of the Consumer Electronics Association in the U.S., and he penned a book in 2011, titled, 'The Comeback: How Innovation Will Restore the American Dream.' The book publisher's website suggests that technological innovation helps create new jobs, markets and industries that never existed before.
Ok, so I had this great idea that I'm still not sure if it was a brain storm or a brain fart. You be the judge. I wanted to get a 2nd job. One that would allow me to be physically active, and yet have flexible hours so as to not interfere with my sports or day job. So I thought about signing up for a manual labor job.
I figured it would be good cardio AND I'd get paid for the cardio. How could I lose, right? I couldn't find 'MANUAL DAY LABOR JOBS' in the phone book so I checked out the temp agencies.
The first one I found, offered daily pay for daily labor. I thought, 'This is just what I'm looking for,' so I went to the agency and filled out the paper work and the lady behind the desk said, 'Okay, be here at 4 am tomorrow and we'll see if we can't put you to work.' Did she say 4 am?!?!?!?!?' Like in, I-have-to-wake-up-at-3 am-to-be-here-by-4?
Normal people aren't up at 4 am. They're sleeping soundly in their beds, in la-la land, waiting for the alarm to go off so they can beat it for 1/2 hour before they drag their butts outta bed, get a shower, drink their coffee and go to work. Only desperate, psychotic, deranged individuals get up at 3 am to go to work!
Not sane, stable, 'just-wanna-lose-some-weight' people like me. But I had sunk my teeth into this and by george, I was gonna do it. Besides, I kinda fall in that 'desperate' catagory, so what did I have to lose. So the next morning I bounced outta bed at 3 am (note I said, 'bounced'), got ready and was there at 3:55. I was the first one there.
Surely they were gonna send me out, right? The lady who had hired me pulled up right then and told me to go to the back of the building and come in through the back. I felt like a hired servant but I did as she asked and to my surprise, I was not alone. There, in the back of the building were about 15-20 other desperate, psychotic, deranged individuals wanting to go to work. Some were homeless, some just down on their luck. I didn't feel like I belonged there and after I signed in, I just kept to myself in a little corner, afraid to talk or make eye contact with anyone. There weren't but maybe 1 or 2 other females there and I could feel the males sizing me up.
I waited for about 3 hours and they called for me to come to the window. They had a clean up job at Kalil Bottling Company at 7 am. I was PSYCHED! Oh boy, my first temp job.
All I could think of was getting paid today for cleaning up at a bottling company. I prayed God would bless my work that I'd be a good worker for this company. When I got there, they showed me to a HUGE mess of bottles that had fallen off their pallets.
There were 3 other ladies there, but none of them spoke a single word of english so for the first 3 hours, I worked with them in my silence. I worked hard, refusing to take any more than a 10 minute break until the job was done. Finally, the mess was cleaned and I thought my day was over.
I went to the supervisor who told me to go to lunch, but be back in 1/2 hour for the second half of my day. Wow, I thought, theres more? So I went out to eat and when I got back, the man told me to sweep the warehouse.the ENTIRE warehouse.by hand.
Okay, I can do this. I felt so energized and my adrenaline was still pumping. So I began at one end of the building determined to finish the whole warehouse in a couple of hours. But this was not as easy as it looked and would take alot longer than 2 hours.
But I was determined. Even when my muscles started to hurt after 3 hours of sweeping the floor with a kitchen broom, I was excited and wanted to do a good job.
I finished around 4 and even though I only put in 7 hours, the man paid me for 8. I took my time sheet back to the agency and they paid me 49.25. I deposited it in the bank and went home feeling like I had accomplished something. The next morning was alot like the first, only this time the bounce had left my body.
I just kinda sluuuggggeeed my way outta bed at 3 am, but I was up and there by 4 am sharp, determined to work again. This time, a couple of the people came up and talked to me. One was Cameron. What a sweet, sweet person he was.
He made me feel so welcome and he brought me out of my shell. Pretty soon, others started talking to me and I felt like 'maybe this isn't a bad bunch of people after all.' I learned that some are there, in between jobs.
Others are there because their spouses work and they do this on the side. Many were either homeless, in between homes, or struggling, but they were all normal, average individuals, wanting to work to survive. After talking to Cameron, I felt my heart start to bond with them. I found I could relate to their circumstances and their lives. This person's truck broke down and he couldn't afford to get it fixed (been there). Another's teeth were missing because they bit into something that was hard and their tooth broke and they didn't have insurance or the money to replace it (been there, too). Another one had gotten a ticket and lost their vehicle's plates because they couldn't pay the court fines (Done that one, too.) These people weren't that much different from me.
Talk about a wake up call. Here I was a blessed individual with a home, a car and an education and just as most of us do, I looked down on these 'least of these' when all the time, I was JUST LIKE THEM inside! One by one, people's names were called and they were sent out to various locations to perform their day labor for their measley 50 dollar checks.
And in the evening, they'd return with smiles that their bosses were pleased with their labor and wanted them to return. On my second day, I was one of the last few people to be called. I later learned that it was because I was a female and most employers specify that they only want males, so it's harder to place us girls.
But I did get called and to my surprise, I was told to take Cameron along. We were being called out to a construction site. Once there, the man told us to dig 2 trenches. Yipee, I thought, this is what I joined this group for, the cardio. We dug and we dug. The first one was easy.
But the second one was brutal. I kept telling myself, 'No pain, no gain, Sharon,' and I kept my spirits up.
Finally, the guy came over and tried to help. When he realized we were trying to dig into a heavily compacted area, he had the back hoe help us out. That took us about an hour. For the next few hours, Cameron and I just cleaned up the site. The man was impressed and paid us for 8 hours, even though we only worked for 6 1/2. He also wanted us to return on monday to do more clean up. I get to sleep in on monday til 5.
And to think I normally have a hissy fit about waking up at 5:30 for my regular job. On monday I returned to the construction site, but because Cameron was late, I had to take a lady by the name of Diane. She was a hard worker and she and I had alot in common. Even though she had no front teeth and she loved to dumpster dive, we both had grand children that we loved and spent alot of time with, we both liked to shop at grocery stores and we both had our family lives. Matter of fact, she and her husband lived in the same neighborhood as I did. I got a chance to witness to her about how Christ delivered me and changed my life. I also invited her to church.
She said to me, 'I don't like to go to church, cause I don't like it when people stare at me cause I'm not dressed like they are and I don't look like they do.' That hit hard.
I told her I'd bring her a dress the next day, but the next day, she didn't show up. She had gotten her unemployment checks and didn't want to lose it by working too many hours. Of all the days I worked with the agency, I think Tuesday is the day I'll remember forever. It started off as a normal day. I drug myself outta bed later than usual because I was completely exhausted from working 2 midnight shifts at another job, but I was determined to make this work and I arrived at work around 4:05.
I prayed every morning for work and every morning, I got work. One reason I got called out alot was because I had a car and could transport people and tools. This morning was no exception. To my surprise, I was one of the first ones called out. I was told that I'd be going out with a group of four, but that I only needed to transport one person and all the tools.
We were to report to a construction site near Wrightstown Road but we had a couple of hours before we had to be there so we lolly-gagged for a while, then went to a store and got our ice and water for the ice chest and reported to work. The boss came and told us that two of us would go to Green Valley to fill in a sink hole while the others did general clean up. I opted to stay behind since I had my car on the site and didn't want to leave it behind. The man who drove with me to the site, Roy, stayed with me.
The boss said that they had gotten dinged by the state for all the concrete on the ground and we needed to clean it up, all around the house. We said fine, then the three men left for green valley, leaving myself and Roy to clean up. At first I thought it would be a piece of cake.
But after about 1/2 hour, we realized that the concrete was about 1/2 - 3/4 inch thick and covered about 1/2 of the entire front yard so we started to work on the side. To our surprise, the concrete was so thick in some areas, we needed a pick to break it up before we hauled it out to the roll-offs. For HOURS, Roy and I picked and hauled load after load after load of concrete, rocks and dirt. My muscles hurt and the sweat kept falling in my eyes and on my glasses, making vision difficult. Finally, about 3 hours later, the men returned, but were sent elsewhere to clean up. The boss came back and looked at our work and said, 'Uh-ha, but work faster.' I about dropped my pick.
Did he just say, 'Work faster?' No, 'you did a great job,' or 'Wow, this looks great!' Just a 'okay, but work faster.' Roy wanted to hit him with a shovel, but we just kept working. Hauling, breaking, raking, lifting.
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1 1/2 more hours and my muscles were crying out for mercy. We had run out of water and the ice in the chest wasn't melting fast enough so we had to go get water. But the boss said, 'No, just get it here at my water jug.' And we got back to work. Finally, about six and a half hours of torturous labor, we called it a day. The man paid us for 6 1/2 hours and we vowed never to return to work for him again.
The next day I was so sore and tired, I had to call out. When I returned on Thursday, I was delighted to get a nice easy clean up job inside a plush Tucson hotel with call backs for 2 more days. I'm glad I got the opportunity to work as a day laborer. I met many people I would have otherwise brushed off and not given the time of day to. I made some money, and I got in my cardio. Would I do it as a full time job? Probably not.
It doesn't pay enough. Rite flight comprehension. Would I continue on as an on call. It's still daily pay for daily work. Would I trade this experience for 2 weeks of vacation?
Not in a lifetime. Money earned, $335. Lessons learned.priceless.